Photovoltaic (PV) cells, also known as solar cells, are devices that convert light energy directly into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. These cells are made of semiconductor materials, most commonly silicon, which can absorb photons (particles of light) and generate an electric current as a result.
The basic structure of a photovoltaic cell typically consists of a thin wafer or layer of semiconductor material sandwiched between two conductive layers. When photons from sunlight strike the semiconductor material, they transfer their energy to electrons in the material, causing them to become excited and move, creating an imbalance of charge. This generates an electric voltage across the cell, which can be harnessed to power electrical devices or stored in batteries for later use.
Photovoltaic cells are commonly used to create solar panels, which consist of multiple interconnected cells. These panels can be arranged in arrays to generate larger amounts of electricity, making them a practical and renewable source of energy for a wide range of applications, including residential and commercial power generation, remote power systems, and spacecraft. They offer a clean, sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuel-based energy sources, contributing to efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.